EXAMPLES 8 TO 11 - Capacitors were manufactured using LiMn2O4 as an anode active material and activated carbon having a capacity of 140 F/g and a specific surface area of 2,000 m2/g (MSP-20, Kansai Cokes) as a cathode active material. EXAMPLES 4 TO 7 - Capacitors were manufactured using Li(Ni0.37Cu0.16Mn0.37Li0.1)O2 as an anode active material and activated carbon having a capacity of 140 F/g and a specific surface area of 2,000 m2/g (MSP-20, Kansai Cokes) as a cathode active material. EXAMPLES 12 TO 14 - Capacitors were manufactured using LiMn2O4 as an anode active material and activated carbon having a capacity of 140 F/g and a specific surface area of 2,000 m2/g (MSP-20, Kansai Cokes) as a cathode active material. The results indicate that when the concentration of the butylmethylpyrrolidinium salt in the electrolytes was not higher than 1.0 mol/L or not lower than 2.5 mol/L, the decrease in capacity and the increase in resistance were further increased. In this case, the ammonium cations, which have a lower solubility and a lower conductivity than the pyrrolidinium cations, were used at a concentration not higher than 1.0 mol/L, and the pyrrolidinium cations were used in such an amount that the concentration of the mixture reached 1.0-2.5 mol/L.

In this case, the pyrrolidinium cations were used at a concentration of 1.0-2.5 mol/L. As organic cations as solutes of the electrolyte, butylmethylpyrrolidinium (BMP) cations were used. As a solute of an electrolyte, 0.7 M lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) was used. The hybrid battery manufactured in Example 13 in which 0.05 mol/L lithium pentafluoroethylsulfonimide (LiN(C2F5SO2)2), which is an imide salt, was added as a solute of an electrolyte showed a decrease in capacity of 17% after 1,000 hours and an increase in resistance of 20% after 1,000 hours. The results are shown in Table 1. The capacity of the hybrid batteries was measured at an increment of 1 mA/F, and the resistance of the hybrid batteries was measured at 1 kHz. The capacity and the resistance of the hybrid batteries manufactured in Examples 8 to 11 were measured under the cycle test conditions shown in FIG. 2. The results are shown in Table 3. The cycle test was conducted by performing 20,000 cycles or more at room temperature, a charge/discharge current of 20 mA/F, a working voltage of 2.5 V and a resistance of 1 kHz. 25% after 20,000 cycles at room temperature, and an increase in resistance of 55% after 20,000 cycles at room temperature.

The ceramic polymer part is a liquid at room temperature. The Toyota Hybrid Battery minneapolis battery manufactured in Example 11 in which a mixture of 60 mol % of propylene carbonate and 40 mol % of ethylene carbonate was used as a solvent of an electrolyte showed a decrease in capacity of 18% at a low temperature (25° C.), an increase in resistance of 550% at a low temperature (25° C.), a decrease in capacity of 20% after 20,000 cycles at room temperature, and an increase in resistance of 40% after 20,000 cycles at room temperature. The hybrid battery manufactured in Example 9 in which a mixture of 80 mol % of propylene carbonate and 20 mol % of ethylene carbonate was used as a solvent of an electrolyte showed a decrease in capacity of 9% at a low temperature (25° C.), an increase in resistance of 380% at a low temperature (25° C.), a decrease in capacity of 23% after 20,000 cycles at room temperature, and an increase in resistance of 48% after 20,000 cycles at room temperature. From the results of Table 3, it could be concluded that a mixture of ethylene carbonate and a carbonate selected from carbonate-based solvents, such as propylene carbonate, is preferred as a solvent of an electrolyte.

The fundamental difference between conventional and flow batteries is that energy is stored in the electrode material in conventional batteries, while in flow batteries it is stored in the electrolyte. Furthermore, since the goal of this study was to understand the effect of electrode coating thickness on cost rather than estimate precisely the current cost for cells suppliers, we did not try to obtain market challenging output values. The electrodes were cut to a size of 3 cm×40 cm, wound in a cylindrical form, and placed in a can (18 mm (D)×40 mm (L)) to fabricate cells. The electrodes were cut to a size of 3 cm×40 cm, wound in a cylindrical form, and placed in a can (18 mm (D)×40 mm (L)) to fabricate a cell. GM reinvents the automobile: The GM Hy-wire, is the world's first drivable concept vehicle that combines a hydrogen fuel cell with by-wire technology. The problem is that hydrogen does not exist by itself on Earth.